Appendix: Units of measurement

To do:

Tetration: 2↑↑1000 = 2^2^2^2....1000 times (or hyper-4, repeated exponentiation)
Easily creates numbers greater than the 2^80 atoms in the universe.
What is the largest number representable by 2^80 bits? 2^2^80 - 1

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_humorous_units_of_measurement

https://www.nist.gov/pml/time-and-frequency-division/popular-links/time-frequency-z/time-and-frequency-z-f#:~:text=Femtosecond%20(fs),(10%2D15%20s).

Atomic Units of measurement
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_units

Support SI dimension representation for casting (ML2T−1, Q2W−1L−1)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_System_of_Quantities

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(time)

SI says there should be a space between the number and the measure
NIST (maintains SI and Customary measure for the US) says treat like symbols, same as SI
- space between number and symbol
- lower case
- no period as part of the symbol
- no pluralization

https://www.quora.com/Does-the-abbreviation-oz-of-ounce-need-a-space-after-the-number-E-g-22oz-or-22-oz

The following units are defined as built-ins:

Binary Information
  b:   Bit       # e.g. Kib
  B:   Byte      # e.g. KiB
  o:   Octet     # e.g. Kio
  bps: b/s       # e.g. Mbps
  Bps: B/s       # e.g. MBps

SI Units
| time                | t     | second   | s   |
| length              | l,x,r | metre    | m   |
| mass                | m     | kilogram | kg  |
| electric current    | I, i  | ampere   | A   |
| temperature         | T     | kelvin   | K   |
| amount of substance | n     | mole     | mol |
| luminous intensity  | Iᵥ    | candela  | cd  |

Time
  tₚ: 10⁻⁴⁴  planck time
  qs: 10⁻³⁰  quectosecond
  rs: 10⁻²⁷  rontosecond
  ys: 10⁻²⁴  yoctosecond
  zs: 10⁻²¹  zeptosecond
  as: 10⁻¹⁸  attosecond
  fs: 10⁻¹⁵  femtosecond      1fs: cycle time for ultraviolet light with wavelength of 300nm
  ps: 10⁻¹²  picosecond       1ps: mean lifetime of a bottom quark
  ns: 10⁻⁹   nanosecond       1ns: time for light to travel 30cm
  μs: 10⁻⁶   microsecond      2.2μs: lifetime of a muon
  ms: 10⁻³   millisecond      1ms: time for a neuron in the human brain to fire and return to rest
  cs: 10⁻²   centisecond      2cs: cycle time of European 50Hz AC electricity
                              10-20cs: human reflex response to visual stimuli
  ds: 10⁻¹   decisecond       1-4ds: blink of an eye

  s:   second
  min: minute
  h:   hour
  d:   day
  fortnight
  microcentury                about 52 minutes

  # unconvertible measures of time
  beat
  cycle
  frame
  instant
  jiffy: a context-sensitive unit of time (33.3564ps, 3ys, 20ms, 10ms, or 1ms)
  moment
  sample
  tick

  bpc:  barn-parsec      the volume of the path a cosmic ray or neutrino takes from source to observer
  bMpc: barn-megaparsec: about 2/3 of a teaspoon, 2 bMpc of water contain as many molecules as there are bMpc of water on Earth

 
Mass
  kg: kilogram
   g: gram
   t: tonne, metric ton # 1t = 1_000kg = 1Mg

   Grave

      gr: grain (1/7000 lb)
      dr: drachm (1/256 lb)
      oz: ounce  (1/16  lb)
      lb: pound (16 oz)
      st: stone   (14 lbs)
      qr: quarter (28 lbs)
     CWT: short hundredweight (US) (100 lb) (sometimes cental)
     cwt:  long hundredweight (UK) (112 lb, 8 st)
  tn, st: short ton (US) (2000 lbs)
      LT:  long ton (UK) (2240 lbs, 160 st)

# https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avoirdupois
Mass (Avoirdupois)
    dram:  1/16 ounce, 1/256 pound, 27 11/32 grains
    ounce: 16 drams, 437.5 grains

# https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apothecaries%27_system
Mass (Apothecaries)
  ℈ scruple: 20 grains
  ʒ drachm:  60 grains, 3 scruples, 1/8 ounce apothecaries (oz ap, or ℥), 1/96 pound apothecaries (lb ap), 60 grains
  ℥ ounce:  480 grains, 8 drachms, troy oz (oz t)
  ℔ pound:  

# https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dram_(unit)
Mass (Greek)
    drachma
    obols
    mina

# https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Roman_units_of_measurement
Mass (Roman)
    drachma: 
    pounds:   96 drachma

Mass (Sasanian)
    drachm

Mass (Ottoman)
    dirhem: درهم

# https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_brewery_cask_units
Beer casks
   tun: 1/35 larger than a wine tun
   butt: half a tun, two hogsheads, 1/35 larger than the wine pipe or butt
  
   kilderkin: 
   firkin: 9 gallons

# https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_wine_cask_units
#
# A tun of wine was originally 256 wine gallons, reduced to 252 gallons (to be divisible by small integers, including 7)
# The Imperial system reduced a tun to 210 imperial gallons (also divisible by small integers, including 7)
#   a 252-gallon tun of wine has a mass between a short ton and a long ton
#
# The Queen Anne wine gallon of 231 cubic inches was adopted in 1707 and still serves as the definition of the US gallon.
Wine casks
    rundlet       1/14 tun, 1/7 butt
    barrel         1/8 tun, half a wine hogshead
    tierce         1/6 tun, half a puncheon, third of a butt (closely related to modern oil barrel)
    hogshead       1/4 tun, comparable to a beer hogshead, half a butt
    puncheon       1/3 tun (also tertian)
    pipe, butt     half a tun, 105 imp gal
    tun            8 14th-century barrels of wine, 252 US gallons (954 L or 210 Imperial gallons)

    wine gallon    abolished by Britian in 1826; multiply by 0.832674 to convert to imperial gallons
                   speculated it was originally meant to hold eight troy pounds of wine
                   the 1706 Queen Anne statute specifies as 231 cubic inches
                   a cylinder 7 inches in diameter x 6 inches high

Thermodynamic Temperature
  ℃,  °C:  Celsius,     0 °C
      °D:  Delisle
  ℉,  °F:  Fahrenheit, 32 °F
  K,   K:  Kelvin
      °N:  Newton
  °Ra,°R:  Rankine
  °Ré,°Re: Réaumur   # °R ?
      °Rø: Rømer

Length
         m: metre
    au, ㍳: astronomical unit

        in: inch
        ft: foot (12 inches)
        yd: yard (3 feet)
          : rod (1/320 mile, 3.5 ft)
          : chain (66 ft) (an acre is 10 square chains)
        mi: mile (5,280 feet)

     lt yr: light year, 10[light years]
     nautical mile, 1[nautical mile]

    # https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_humorous_units_of_measurement#Length
    altuve: 5ft 5in, 1.65m (named after José Altuve)
    attoparsec: 10^-18 parsecs (~1.215 in, 3.086 cm))
        parsec: 3.26 light-years
    beard-second: 100 angstroms, 10 nanometres, length avg beard grows in one second
    smoot: 5' 7", the length of Oliver Smoot, used to measure the Harvard Bridge, 364.4 smoots ± 1 ear)

Length (typographic)
    \quad    same as em, width of capital M (M is slightly less than one em)
    \!      -3/18 quad
    \,       3/18 quad, half space
    \:       4/18 quad
    \;       5/18 quad
    \        6/18 quad, full space
    \qquad      2 quad
    

Area
  10⁻²⁸m²: barn
       m²: square meters
  ac: Acre
  ha: Hectare # 1ha = 100m * 100m

  # particle physics
  barn: 1.0 x 10^-28 m^2
  outhouse: (1.0 x 10^-6 barns)
  shed:     (1.0 x 10^-24 barns)

# The difference between US and Imperial gill and similar measures is ~20%
# https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallon#U.S._liquid_gallon
# https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gill_(unit)
Volume
  m³:      cubic meters
  mL:      milliliter
  l, L:    litre # 1L = 10cm * 10cm * 10cm

  US
    half oz: half ounce (🝳)
    fl oz:   fluid ounce (fl℥)
    gill:    teacup, 4fl℥, 4[fluid ounce], or 4[fl oz]
    cup:     2 gills, 8 fl oz
    pint:    4 gills, 2 cups
    quart:   2 pints
    gal:     4 quarts, gallon, based on the 1706 British wine gallon, 231 cubic inches (3.785411784 L)

  Imperial
    dr, dram: (or drachm, if you're British) (unit of mass in avoirdupois system) (mass and vol in apothecaries' system)
    fl dr:    fluid dram, fluid drachm, fluidram, or fluidrachm (fl dr, ƒ 3, or fʒ)
    gill:     teacup, 5[imp fl oz], 40 imp fl drams
    cup:      2 gills, 8 fl oz
    pint:     4 gills
    imp gal:  Imperial gallon 4.54609 L

Volume of stacked firewood
  stere or stère
  cord
  kuub
  motti (Finnish)
  mått  (Swedish)

Volumetric flow rate
  m³/s: cubic meters per second

Amount of substance
  mol: Mole
# Avogadro constant: 6.022_140_76 x 10^23

Atomic mass
  u, Da: unified atomic mass unit or Dalton # 1Da = 1.660538921(73)×10⁻²⁷kg

Velocity
  m/s: meters per second

  furlongs/fortnight: ~0.00037 mph
  beard-seconds / microfortnight: ~5nm
  attoparsecs / microfortnight: about 1 inch

Acceleration
  Gal

Energy (or work, or heat)
  J: Joule         # kg·m²·s⁻² = N·m = Pa·m³ = W·s = C·V
  eV: Electronvolt # 1eV = 1.602176565(35)×10^−19J
  Erg

Force
  N: Newton # m·kg·s⁻²
  Dyne

Pressure
  Pa:  Pascal # N/m² = kg·m⁻¹·s⁻²
  Ba:  Barye (or sometimes barad, barrie, bary, baryd, baryed, barie)
  bar: Bar
  at:  Technical atmosphere
  atm: Standard atmosphere
  psi: Pounds per square inch

Frequency
  Hz: Hertz

Amount of Substance
  mol: Mole

Catalytic activity
  kat: Katal

Energy per Amount of substance
  J/mol: Joule per mole


# SI electromagnetism units
Electric current (I)
  A: Ampere # A (= W/V = C/s)

Electric charge (Q)
  C: Coulomb # A·s

Potential difference (U, ΔV, Δφ, E)
Electromotive force
  V: Volt # J/C = kg·m²·s⁻³·A⁻¹

Electric resistance
Impedance
Reactance
  Ω, ㏀, ㏁, Ω, U+1D6C0, U+1D6FA, U+1D734, U+1D76E, U+1D7A8: Ohm
  # Ω = V/A = kg·m²·s⁻³·A⁻² = J·s⁻¹·A⁻² = S⁻¹ = s/F

Resistivity (p)
  Ω·m: ohm metre # kg·m³·s⁻³·A⁻²

Electric power (P)
  W: Watt # V·A = kg·m²·s⁻³

Capacitance (C)
  F: Farad # C/V = kg⁻¹·m⁻²·A²·s⁴

Electric flux (ΦE)
  V·m: volt metre # kg·m³·s⁻³·A⁻¹

Electric field strength (E)
  V/m: volt per metre # N/C = kg·m·A⁻¹·s⁻³

Electric displacement field (D)
  C/m²: coulomb per square metre # A·s·m⁻²

Permittivity
  F/m: farad per metre # kg⁻¹·m⁻³·A²·s⁴

Electric susceptibility (χe)
  - # dimensionless

Conductance (G)
Admittance (Y)
Susceptance (B)
  ℧, S, mho: Siemens # Ω⁻¹ = kg⁻¹·m⁻²·s³·A²

Conductivity (κ, γ, σ)
  S/m: siemens per metre # kg⁻¹·m⁻³·s³·A²

Magnetic flux density (B)
Magnetic induction
      T: Tesla # Wb/m² = kg·s⁻²·A⁻¹ = N·A⁻¹·m⁻¹
  G, Ga: Gauss

Magnetic flux (Φ, ΦM, ΦB)
  Wb: webers # V·s = kg·m²·s⁻²·A⁻¹

Magnetic field strength (H)
  A/m: ampere per metre # A·m⁻¹

Magnetic pole strength
  Am, A·m: ampere-meter

Inductance
  H: Henry # Wb/A = V·s/A = kg·m²·s⁻²·A⁻²
  Abhenry (equal to one billionth of a henry)

Permeability
  H/m: henry per metre # kg·m·s⁻²·A⁻²

Magnetic susceptibility
  - # dimensionless


# SI photometry units
Luminous intensity (Iᵥ)
  C: Candela # lm/sr

Luminance (Lᵥ)
  cd/m²: Candela per square meter (sometimes called nits, 1 nit = 1 cd/m²)
  Bril
  sk: Skot
  fL: Foot-Lambert (sometimes fl or fl-L)
  asb: Apostilb
  L, la, Lb: Lambert
  sb: Stilb

Luminous energy (Qᵥ)
  lm⋅s: lumen second (sometimes called talbots)

Luminous flux (Φᵥ), or luminous power
  lm: lumen # cd⋅sr

Illuminance (Eᵥ) used for light incident on a surface
  lx: lux # lm/m²

Luminous emittance (Mᵥ) used for light emitted from a surface
  lx: lux # lm/m²

Luminous exposure (Hᵥ)
  lx⋅s: lux second

Luminous energy density (ω ᵥ)
  lm⋅s⋅m⁻³: lumen second per metre³

Luminous efficacy (η)
  lm/W: lumer per Watt

Luminous efficiency (V)


# SI radiometry units
Radiant energy (Qe)
  J: joule

Radiant flux (Φe)
  W: watt

Spectral power (Φeλ)
  W⋅m⁻¹: watt per metre

Radiant intensity (Ie)
  W⋅sr⁻¹: watt per steradian

Spectral intensity (Ieλ)
  W⋅sr⁻¹⋅m⁻¹: watt per steradian per metre

Radiance (Le)
  W⋅sr⁻¹⋅m⁻²: watt per steradian per square metre

Spectral radiance (Leλ)
  W⋅sr⁻¹⋅m⁻³: watt per steradian per cubic metre
  W⋅sr⁻¹⋅m⁻²⋅Hz⁻¹: watt per steradian per square metre per hertz

Irradiance (Ee)
  W⋅m⁻²: watt per square metre

Spectral irradiance (Eeλ or Eeν)
  W⋅m⁻³: watt per cubic metre

Radiant exitance / Radiant emittance (Me)
  W⋅m⁻²: watt per square metre

Spectral radiant exitance / Spectral radiant emittance (Meλ or Meν)
  W⋅m⁻³: watt per cubic metre
  W⋅m⁻²⋅Hz⁻¹: watt per square meter per hertz

Radiosity (Je)
  W⋅m⁻²: watt per square metre

Spectral radiosity (Jeλ)
  W⋅m⁻³: watt per cubic metre

Radiant exposure (He)
  J⋅m⁻²: joule per square metre

Radiant energy density (ω e)
  J⋅m⁻³: joule per cubic metre


Radioactivity
  Bq: Becquerel
  Ci: Curie (older)
  rd: Rutherford (obsolete)

Absorbed radiation dose
  rad: Rad
  Gy: Gray # J/kg

Equivalent dose
  Sv: sievert # J/kg

Effective dose
  Sv: sievert

Committed dose
  Sv: sievert

Raio of measurements of physical field and power quantities
  Np: neper

Logarithmic ratio
  dB: Decibel

Angle
  °: degrees
  ′: arcminutes
  ″: arcseconds
  ‴: ligne

Solid angle
  sr: stredian

Plane angle
  rad: radian

Beauty
  millihelens: if Helen of Troy launched a thousand ships, a millihelen is the measure of beauty required to launch a single ship

Fame
  warhol: 15 minutes of fame
  kilowarhol: 10.4 days of fame

Powder charge
  dram: equivalent of black powder in drams avoirdupois

Source: physics.nist.gov/cuu/Units/units.html Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_the_metric_system